Опубликовано 13.06.2017 по предмету Английский язык от Гость >> <<

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The Printed Word
The earliest books were written on tablets of wood or pieces
of bark. In Greeceand Rome, the tablets of wood were covered with wax,
and writing was impressed upon them with a small stick called “stylus”.
These tablets were held together on one side with thin strips of leather
or metal rings. In Assyria and Babyloniaclay tablets were used for
writing and the words were drawn with a piece of wood. After baking, the
tablets were kept on shelves, just like books are kept today. Although
the clay tablets didn’t look very beautiful, they were long-lasting and
some of them survived until the present day. The earliest books of the
ancient world were written on papyrus and skins of young animals. These
books took the form of a long strip, rolled from one cylinder to
another. These writings were known to the Romans as volumen
from which comes the word volume. Though paper has been known inChina
since the first century, the secret of papermaking came toEurope much
later.
Books were quite common in ancientRome: we know that there
were many booksellers and the first public library was founded there
about 39 B. C. Only the rich could buy books or make their slaves copy
books from important libraries. By the time of the Middle Ages all books
were handwriting and often beautifully decorated. Libraries used to
chain books to the shelves so that they could not be removed from the
building. But very few people could read them. The invention of printing
was a really great event in history. The first people to invent
printing were the Chinese. InEuropethere were several people who can be
called inventors of printing. The best-known is Johann Gutenberg
fromGermany.
Printing spread quickly over Europeand by the end of the 15th
century there were more than 200 presses. The early printers were not
only craftsmen, but also editors, publishers and booksellers. The first
printing press inEngland was set up by William Caxton atWestminster in
1476, and the first printing press inRussia – by Ivan Fedorov inMoscow
in 1564. Printed books soon reached a very high standard and the
craftsmen were rightfully proud of their work. Eventually there were
more and more people inEurope who could read and they wanted more and
more books. That led to opening more libraries.
Early libraries were used only by scientists and were few. By
end by they grew in number and began to be used by the public. The 19th
century saw the appearance of a proper system of public libraries. Now
most countries have their own national libraries. Many old university
libraries have rich collections of books: Oxford and Cambridge in
England, Harvard and Yale in the United States. Among the great
libraries of the world we can name the British Museum Library (The British Library) in London, the Library of Congress in the United States, Bibliotheque Nationale in France, the Beijing Library in China , the State Public Library in Moscow.
The world’s largest is the US library of Congress. It holds about 90
million items – books and manuscripts. The library was founded in 1800
in Washington, DC for the use of Congress and later became a public
library. Bibliotheque Nationale dates back to the 17th century and the
British Museum Library was set in the 18th century. The State Public
Library inMoscow was founded in 1862 and has unique collections of
books.
Modern libraries do their best to help people get information
as quickly as possible. They use computers and electronic catalogues.
Probably the most difficult problem for any library is to keep their
books, journals and films. How they do it is a new story.
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In Greece and Rome the earliest books were written on tablets of wood or pieces of bark covered with wax, and writing was possible upon them with a small stick called “stylus". In Assyria and Babylonia clay tablets were used for writing and the words were drawn with a piece of wood. After baking, the tablets were kept on shelves. They were long-lasting and some of them survived until the present day. The earliest books of the ancient world were written on papyrus and skins of young animals. These books took the form of a long strip, roiled from one cylinder to another. Though paper has been known in China since the first century, the secret of papermaking came to Europe much later. Books were popular in ancient Rome: there were many booksellers and the first public library was founded there about 39 B.C.1 Only the rich could buy books or make their slaves copy books from important libraries. 
By the time, of the Middle Ages all books were handwritten, beautifully decorated, but they were often chained to the shelves. But only few people could read them. First printing was invented in China and by the end of the 15th century there were more than 200 presses in Europe . The early printers were not only craftsmen but also editors, publishers and booksellers. The first printing, press in England was set up by William Caxton at Westminster in 1476. and the first printing press in Russia — by Ivan Fedorov in Moscow in 1564. Early libraries were used only by scientists but latery they were used by the public. In the 19th century a proper system of public libraries appeared. Now most countries have their own national libraries. 
Many old university libraries have rich collections of books: Oxford and Cambridge in England, Harvard and Yale in the United States. 
Among the great libraries of the world we can name the British Museum Library (the British Library) in London, the Library of Congress in the United States, it’s the world’s largest Library, Bibliotheque Nationale in France , the Beijing Library in China, the State Public Library in Moscow. 
Modern libraries do their best to help people get information as quickly as possible. They use computers and electronic catalogues.Probably the most difficult problem for any library is to keep their books, journals and films.